The ejector would possibly need to be changed, and if you opened up the breech to let in the 10/40 rim, the 38 might not center well, or extract well.  Better to get a 40 S&W or 10mm slide.  Considering the recoil springs necessary to control the 10mm, you might be better off chambering 40 S&W.
The Colt can take the 10mm, as they made the Delta Elite in that caliber, but I don't know what if any additional reinforcing might have been done.  Might need a ramped barrel, which means milling the frame to accept it.