Dragthewaters - To answer your question, ALL of the calibers mentioned are suitable for deer hunting. You can't go wrong with any of them. My recommendation would be to get a 308, 270 or 30-06. The 308 has the benefit of less recoil and mil surplus ammo available, so it will offer the cheapest practice ammo. You will still have to buy quality hunting ammo and practice with that as well.
The 270 and 30-06 have the benefit of being available everywhere and they are typically the 2 that go on sale the most (along with the 30-30). This means you can hit Walmart when they are having a sale and stock up on your favorite ammo. In the same weight guns, the 308 will have the least recoil, with the 270 next and the 30-06 will have the most. This should be taken into account since you might be inclined to practice more with a gun that isn't punishing you at the bench!
Most companies are producing decent rifles these days. Just pick the one that FEELS the best to you and fits your budget. The cheap scopes that come on the package guns will be just fine until you can save up for a better scope. Lots of people use these cheap scopes for many, many years and are perfectly happy with them. There is no need to spend $300 on a scope just yet!
Good luck with your search and purchase! ... Crayfish