One thing to remember is pressure. While the two cartridges essentially have the same pressure (I cant remember exactly), there are two parts to pressure. Pressure is pounds per square inch. So even if the pounds are the same, the Whelen has a larger bullet base surface area or square inch. Area of a circle = (Pi)x(radius squared)
A .308 bullet has an area of .07451 square inches while a .358 bullet has an area of .10069 square inches. So the .358 has 26% more surface area at its base. If both are loaded to 50000 psi, the .308 bullet has about 3,725 pounds of pressure pushing it, while the .358 has 5,034 pounds pushing it.
I am no engineer, so I may not be using the right terminology, but the main point here is that larger diameter bullets will allow more thrust to be applied to their base. To put it another way, if you load both cartridges to the same pressure with 200 grain bullets the 35 Whelen will push that bullet faster.